Protocol for Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis

Gel electrophoresis is used in the laboratory in order to separate proteins or nucleic acids from each other. Electrophoresis using polyacrylamide instead of agarose is used most often for proteins to determine the molecular masses of polypeptides of the protein.

    Preparation of agarose gel

  1. A polyacrylamide gel is prepared with slots in it. The gel is formed by pouring a hot liquid polyacrylamide solution into a shallow box. The box should contain a comblike structure with teeth that point down into the solution. The polyacrylamide becomes a gel soon after it has been poured and the comb is removed to reveal rectangular holes.
  2. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)

  3. The protein is treated with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) in order to denature the subunits of a large protein so each one can be measured separately. The advantages to this are that the SDS gives the polypeptides a negative charge so they will migrate toward the negative end, or anode, of the gel. Secondly, the SDS makes sure all subunits will have the same charge and therefore will all migrate in the gel according to their molecular masses instead of charges.
  4. Addition of protein

  5. A small amount of DNA or protein is placed in one of the rectangular holes at one end of the gel. An electric current is run through the gel at neutral pH. About 10 microliters of a DNA ladder as well as two controls are also loaded into the gel. The DNA ladder is used to allow measuring of how far the sample moved in the process of electrophoresis.
  6. Electrophoresis

  7. The machine is then turned on to 100 volts and let run for 30 minutes. After the samples have been electrophoresed for 30 minutes, the gel along with a tray are removed and placed in a staining tray for about three minutes. This is then followed by placing the gel in warm water for five minutes. The gel is now ready to be placed on the light box in order to observe the movement of the DNA fragments.
  8. Other considerations

  9. When viewing the gel under the light, some important things should be taken into consideration. A cell may be either heterozygous or homozygous for the gene depending on whether the copy is present or not present in both copies or in just one. The heterozygous result may appear as a single band because the segments of DNA that are amplified more efficiently appear darker in the gel. A dye is also added so each polypeptide can be seen both during and after electrophoresis.

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wire passivator CLD1033-2

 wire passivator CLD1033-2
wire passivator CLD1033-2

  wire passivator

It forms a deposit repelling monomolecular layer on the surface of wires and rolls.
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Homemade Defoamer

Defoamer is a chemical used in carpet cleaners to prevent the soap from causing too much foam as you apply it to the carpeting. Many cleaning compounds cause foam as a side effect when mixed with water. To give your carpet a proper cleaning and to avoid damaging the fabric, you need to avoid creating foam. There are many defoamers on the market, but you can also make your own inexpensively.

Instructions

  1. 1

    Add a small amount of salt to the dirty water tank of the carpet cleaner to help break down bubbles.

  2. 2

    Mix in a small amount of soap such as laundry soap or dishwashing liquid into the same tank. This will help eliminate foam as the carpet cleaner sucks dirt out of the carpeting and prevent the tank from overflowing.

  3. 3

    Clean out the tank after you finish to prevent buildup from forming on the tank walls. Cold water and a sponge should be enough to remove any residue.

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Biocides are a SHORT TERM Solution

Microbial Contamination of Fuels Statement by Mike Munroe
With the introduction and wide spread use of Bio-Diesel in Manitoba, has also seen a demand for control of microbial contamination in diesel fuel storage vessels. Characterized as a “greenish-black or brown” slime and often accompanied by an offensive odour, these colonies will attack diesel fuel system components.
Most often in the past, these micro-organisms (yeast, molds, bacteria and algae)were seen with warm and humid conditions in association with water. Large storage tanks were often the source but recently, with the prevalence of B-5, or diesel fuel containing 5% biodiesel and its hygroscopic nature, are being seen more often than previous in fuel tanks on mobile equipment. The first complaint is usually that of premature fuel filter plugging and left untreated, complaints have even been that of fuel system deterioration. Elastomer fuel system components, seals and hoses, are particularly vulnerable to microbial contamination.
Remediation of this problem has been at the source in past practices. Often, draining the fuel and treating the vessel with an alcohol has been effective. With the use of B-5 and the degradation of the mono and diglycerides, requires constant diligence to control the microbial contamination. This has lead to the widespread use of Biocides.
Biocides are effective in controlling microbial contamination but can’t eliminate the solids created by the colonies. This will result in migration of these colonies and can result in continued filter plugging or possibly clogged lines. Most of the biocides in use are toxic to humans and the controlled colonies can not be introduced into a waste water treatment stream as the biocide may kill beneficial bacteria used in waste water treatment.
The continued use of biocides can be costly and also harmful to polymer storage tanks if used continually and over treated. Engine manufacturers have not made data readily available about the effects of biocides on exhaust after-treatments such as diesel particulate filters, active catalytic reduction or selective catalytic reduction.

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ANSEROS SYSTEMS FOR DRINKING WATER

Disinfection of drinking water was a major factor in reducing epidemics and it is an essential part of drinking water treatment today. However, the disinfectants themselves can react with naturally occurring organic matter (e.g. humic material), inorganic ions (e.g. bromide) or organic micropollutants (e.g. pesticides) in the water to form unintended organic and inorganic byproducts which may pose health risks. The reaction of chlorine, which is still used in some drinking water plants, with organic material leads to the formation of carcinogenic chloroorganic compounds like trihalomethans and haloacetic acids. Therefore today, in many countries, ozone is used for disinfection and removal of organic matter in drinking water treatment. In this case, only if bromide occurs in the water source, the formation of haloorganic compounds may be a problem. Additionally, the oxidation products of ozone are better biodegradable and can be removed with biologically activated filters, whereas chloroorganic compounds are not biodegradable. Another advantage of ozone is, that specific microbial pathogens – such as Cryptosporidium -, that are highly resistant to traditional disinfection practices, can also be removed with ozone.

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Ballast Water Treatment Chemicals

Ballast water is water that ships load into special tanks to keep them stable — trimmed and leveled — so that they ride properly when at sea. When ships take on ballast water in port, they frequently pick up living organisms, such as the zebra mussel, along with the local water. This becomes a problem when these aquatic hitchhikers are pumped out of the ballast tanks in another port and settle into a new home, taking over the resources that previously served only the local population.

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PAC in the treatment of sewage in the role of food

Dining main pollutants in wastewater by gel form. Colloid itself only has a huge surface free energy, a greater absorption capacity, but also has the characteristics of Brownian motion, and thus more collisions between particles have the opportunity, it seems to aggregate into large particles adhesion, and then by gravity and sink. However, due to colloidal particles with a similar same-sex charge, the electrostatic repulsion between them close to each other and prevent the aggregation between particles into larger particles; Secondly, the charged particles and counter ions and hydration water molecules around the role of form a hydration shell that also prevents the aggregation of the particles.
After adding aluminum and other inorganic salts, a metal ion hydrolysis and polymerization reactions, the adsorbed polynuclear positively charged ions to compressed double layer, reduce the ζ potential, so that the maximum exclusion between particles can be reduced, so that the plastic particle destabilization. While use of inorganic coagulant for the treatment of organic polymers often used as a flocculant. Better bridging flocculants and adsorption, and inorganic flocculants used together can accelerate the reaction rate, enhance the effect. A trial showed that:
1. As aluminum potassium sulfate polyacrylamide flocculants can significantly reduce food waste water CODcr and turbidity. CODcr eighty-three% removal rate, turbidity removal can reach eighty percent.
2. Basic aluminum chloride, ferric sulfate, aluminum chloride, ferrous sulfate, potassium aluminum sulfate, aluminum potassium sulfate polyacrylamide flocculant 6 the effect of food processing wastewater flocculation are better.

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PAC production of new technologies

PAC is a new type of the current international standard, highly efficient inorganic polymer coagulant, chemical general formula [Al2 (OH) nCl6-n] m, mainly through double-layer compression, charge neutralization and adsorption, adsorption bridging , sediment and other mechanism of action of netting, so that fine particulates and colloidal particles in the water off the steady, aggregation, flocculation, coagulation, sedimentation to purify the treatment effect. Is widely used in water plants, power plants (power plant), and other water supply and industrial water purification plants and a variety of plants such as chemical plants, refineries, petrochemical plants, paper mills, printing and dyeing plant, dyeing plant and other industrial wastewater treatment. Its performance is better than traditional low molecular weight inorganic salts such as aluminum sulfate, ferrous sulfate and so on. While adding less, alum large, in addition to COD, color and suspended solids and good performance. The technology uses a by-product of bauxite, or aluminum aluminum ash, industrial waste hydrochloric acid or hydrochloric acid as raw materials, one-step production of PAC, the product quality conforms to GB15892-1995 standard, reaching the advanced level of similar foreign products.

Second, product characteristics:

This product is the source for a variety of high turbidity water treatment, particularly for high turbidity of the water purification effect was particularly visible, it is the formation of alum quick, easy settlement, PH appropriate wide range of source water, corrosion, low labor intensity.

Third, the product to use:

Flocculant to achieve the best results and economic benefits, the user can according to different sources of water turbidity, in different seasons and different reaction conditions, thousands of tons of water for each experiment to determine the optimal dosage. The use of 3% -5% product dubbed the aqueous solution (by product weight)

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Purifying agent knowledge of life

Sometimes in our lives is also used water purification agent, such as we have to deal with basic things, then use the pull to acid, to give it and click on the little things in the drawing, the first two days had a friend call asked me, he domesticated fish, fish tank in the water became mixed, and would like to handle it with a purifying agent, but was worried what the problem, that’s his favorite little goldfish, what he asked me, I might tell you.

  Purifying agent is a product of market economy, because there will be mixed with fish tank water clear water conditions and hope that the market demand so that supply the water purification agent, and is on the minds of some people. Purifying agent is the use of the chemical principles of ion complexation, complex organic matter sedimentation in the water. This is a chemical feeding fish in the middle of all the old friends fish are not people use water purification agent, and only friends in the new middle class of fish products have appeal.

     Your fish tank with filters, if the stocking density can, why the tank would be muddy after a few days, because you have to feed fish to excretion, respiration, secretion, so the fish tank mixed, but why did not solve the filter problem? This is a new filtration system, there is no physical filters and ecological filter into the best condition. You put a water purifying agent has little effect, because, after organic chemical ion complexation, precipitation, sucked away by the filter may be a good filtration system is not part of the complex into the water again.
     Do not put water purifying agents in the future, because it is not solving the problems faced fish the right way. The fish is poor, and impact on the environment, the key is to mistake from the ideological and theoretical.
       So it is still early to dispel that idea. Fish, to feed water to maintain water quality, to ensure that dissolved oxygen, and when the heat balance of water, the key by the filter, filtration system to resolve. Must first have a quality quiet, with the tank size and density, species matching, the hourly flow filter. Second, to establish a filtering system, which is divided into physical filtration and ecological filtration, physical filtration is your filter cotton intercept reflects the performance of dirt, ecological filter is your filter, magnetic, chemical and biological growth of bacteria on the ball of the pore, these bacteria aquarium by type of organic matter decomposition step by step and eventually evaporate into the process of nitrogen.

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The use of PAC

The use of PAC

a, purification of urban water supply and drainage: river water, reservoir water, groundwater b, industrial water purification c, urban sewage treatment d, industrial wastewater and sludge in the recovery of useful material, and promote the settlement of coal washing waste water, starch and starch manufacturing the recovery of e, a variety of industrial wastewater treatment: printing and dyeing wastewater, tannery wastewater, wastewater containing fluoride, heavy metals waste water, wastewater, waste paper, coal washing waste water, mine drainage, brewing wastewater, metallurgy wastewater, meat processing wastewater f, sewage treatment g, paper sizing h, sugar refining i, casting molding j, wrinkle-free fabric k, catalyst carrier l, refined medicine m, quick-setting cement n, cosmetic raw materials.

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