How can use water treatment chemical

Posted on April 14, 2011 by admin

polydadmac Plants are the Hearts of water Treatment and Chemicals are the blood flowing through it, they protect equipment- Cooling Tower, Boiler, Condenser& Heat Exchanger & disinfectants the water making it suitable for process utilities and drinking and various types of Water Treatment Chemicals & Plants for Cooling Tower, A/c. Plants, Heat Exchanger, Boiler, on turnkey basis, Purifier, RO, and Swimming Pool accessories etc.

Chemicals of different nature are used for varying purposes. Their use in the 21st century has greatly increased due to discovery and invention of a lot of equipments and products.Initiative Chemicals Pvt. Ltd (IPCL) offers a wide range of water treatment chemicals to help you to get the best quality water for your varying purposes and needs. These water treatment chemicals are scientifically proved and are used both for domestic and commercial purposes on large scale. We, at IPCL, provide these chemicals at affordable and very competitive prices.

Our chemicals are made as per international standard as we follow all important guidelines while manufacturing them. Under Specialty chemicals category, you will find products likeEmulsifying agent, Degreasing agent, Soak Cleaner, Liquid Soap, Rust and Paint remover, Etc. These chemicals serve a lot of purposes like removing oil, grease and dirt from base metals, reducing solid hardness of water, removing turbidity, enhancing flocculation power, etc.Reverse Osmosis or RO is a standard water purifying process which is currently used all over the world due to its unique scientific procedure of water purification using spiral membrane and reverse osmotic pressure. RO purifiers are strongly recommended by water scientists and medical experts for drinking and cooking purposes and these RO purifiers works well for all kinds of raw water and even municipal water.

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Water Treatment Chemicals The Different Kinds

Posted on December 20, 2010 by admin

There are different water treatment chemicals that are being utilized by various water treatment facilities and even homes.

Their main roles vary, depending on what kinds of pollutants, chemicals, and microbes they can get rid from your water.

Water treatment chemicals that you may possibly need are:

Antifoams
Foams are basically big masses of bubbles that are formed when there are certain kinds of gases that are mixed with the water.

It may be very difficult to actually explain the real principle behind the formation of foams, but there’s only one thing for sure: if you’re not going to utilize any treatment chemicals for water, especially antifoams, you will be facing some serious problems in industrial operations as well as on the quality of the products that you’re going to complete.

 
This is because foams can actually decrease the performing capabilities of your machine.

Worse, you may be spending more on getting these equipment fixed, and that’s additional financial burden for you.

The role of this water treatment chemical is to combine minute amounts of silica with that of oil.

The silicone is very effective because it easily spreads and isn’t compatible with any aqueous system. Thus, you can hinder or even destroy the formation of the antifoams.

So far, there are two kinds of antifoams: one that is in powder form while the other is an emulsion. You can purchase them even in your local store.

Algaecides
If wastewater treatment facilities wouldn’t be able to perform their treatment well, there’s a huge possibility that there will be some presence of algae, either green or blue, in your water. That’s why you need to make use of algaecides.

There are actually many kinds of chemicals to treat water. Your choice can include iron salts, copper sulphate, and benzalkonium chloride, to name a few. They can kill the algae before they have the chance to fully develop.

The only downside of these algaecides is the fact that though they may be able to get rid of the existing algae in the water, they won’t be able to remove any toxin that is being released by these algaes before they die.

Disinfectants
The primary job of these chemicals for water treatment is to end the lives of microorganisms that thrive in water. They come as viruses, bacteria, and parasites.

When it comes to disinfection, you have too many choices. Two of the popular picks include ozone and chlorine dioxide.

Ozone
Though by real nature ozone is actually very dangerous to humans, you can actually manufacture it so you can utilize it to disinfect water, including waste water. This water treatment chemical has a very high oxidation level even if it has one of the shortest time frames.

Normally, you need to add an extra oxygen to standard oxygen molecules so you will be able to produce O3, which means ozone. Once the gas will combine with the microorganisms, it will them break them all down through the process called oxidation. Along the way, ozone will eventually lose its extra molecule until pure oxygen remains.

Chlorine Dioxide
If you have been having problems with not only odor but even taste of your water, you may have to ask for the addition of this water purifying chemical. This special disinfectant can actually remove any nasty odor and improve water taste.

But to make it more effective, ensure that its concentration will remain around 0.1 ppm. Chlorine dioxide, an excellent water treatment chemical, usually enters into the cell walls of bacteria and reacts with the important amino acids, which will lead to the death of the microorganisms.

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Chemicals Used for Water Treatment

Posted on December 17, 2010 by admin

Chemicals in drinking water treat the water to remove unwanted bacteria and substances. Chemically treated water also helps to prevent cavities and can keep water pipes from premature corrosion.

Chemicals used for water treatment sometimes vary from location to location. Some common chemicals are used in almost all water treatment.

    Potassium Permanganate

  1. Potassium Permanganate is an oxidizing agent added to water at treatment facilities. This chemical removes iron and manganese found in water with low oxygen content. If these things are not removed it could cause stains in clothing and pipes.The oxidation also helps with taste and odor of water. It oxidizes the organic contaminants that cause bad odors and taste.

    2. Aluminum Sulphate

  2. Aluminum Sulphate acts as a coagulate in water treatment. It binds together fine particles and creates larger particles that are filtered out. This helps in removing the cloudiness from water and improves taste. By coagulating the finer particles, they do not escape past filtration. The filtration process removes the aluminum as well.

    3. Hydrated Lime

  3. Hydrated lime is an alkaline compound that’s added to raise the Ph level in water. When Aluminum Sulphate does its job, it lowers the Ph level of water because of its acidity. Hydrated lime is then used between the filtration and sedimentation processes to raise the Ph level.

    4. Chlorine

  4. Chlorine is added to water to disinfect it and improve its overall quality. It primarily destroys pathogenic microorganisms, oxidizes harmful elements, and removes some bad tastes and odors. The residual chlorine that remains in the water continues to remove bacteria until it reaches the taps of consumers.Sodium Hypochlorite is becoming the more common form of chlorine used. Studies also show that Sodium Hypochlorite reduces the amount of natural arsenic that occurs in water.

    5. Polyphosphate

  5. Polyphosphate serves many functions in the treatment of water. It removes lead and copper from the water. Polyphosphate also improves the quality of water by removing scale deposits, preventing microorganism reformation and helps stabilize residual chlorine disinfectant properties.

    6. Fluoride

  6. Flouride concentrations in drinking water are kept at levels to prevent tooth decay especially in children. It is usually added as a final treatment step in water treatment facilities. The Environmental Protection Agency has set limits on the amount of fluoride that can be added to water. There is concern over the amount of fluoride a person consumes. Too much can cause soft bones and other health issues.
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Chemical Water Treatment Plants

Posted on December 6, 2010 by admin

Treating water to meet the standards of the Safe Drinking Water Act involves a number of steps, most of which involve chemicals. Whether the water source is groundwater (wells) or surface water (rivers, lakes, streams), the same general steps apply but there is a difference in the chemicals used. The specific chemical chosen for a step in the process will largely be determined by cost and the makeup of the particular water source. (Desalination of seawater for drinking purposes is a different process and will not be discussed here).

    Coagulation

  1. In most water-treatment plants, coagulation is the first step (although some begin with a primary disinfection). Coagulant chemicals, which cause particles suspended in the water to adhere to larger and heavier composite particles, are mixed into the incoming raw water. Chemicals used for coagulation include, but are not limited to: aluminum sulfate, ferric chloride, ferric sulfate, ferrous sulfate and cationic polymers.

    2. Sedimentation

  2. The raw water and coagulant mix then goes into one or more large tanks for the sedimentation stage. In these tanks, the compound particles sink to the bottom, sweeping up more particles as they settle. In multiple-stage sedimentation operations, the exit end of the tank is opposite the input end, and the clearest water at the top will flow into the second tank to repeat the process and settle out more suspended particles.
    In most operations, no chemicals are added during the sedimentation step itself, although measurements of water clarity (turbidity) and pH (level of acidity) are made on the water leaving the sedimentation tanks to determine what further treatment is required.

    3. Filtration

  3. This step “polishes” the water leaving the sedimentation tanks. Filtration can include passing treated water through layers of carbon, sand, gravel, activated carbon or biologically active filtering media. Like the sedimentation step, this is primarily a mechanical rather than a chemical process. Another type of filtration is filtration through membrane filters to trap microscopic particles. The finest filters used at the municipal level are reverse-osmosis (RO) filters which trap particles larger than one-one thousandth of a micron in size.

    4. Disinfection

  4. In the United States, most disinfection is done by mixing chlorine into the filtered water. Contact Time (CT) is measured as a way to calculate effectiveness of the disinfection process. To ensure a longer life for the disinfectant, free (pure) chlorine is often mixed with ammonia to create chloramines which will stay in the water through the distribution system and all of the way to the customer’s tap.
    Another popular disinfectant, particularly in Europe, is ozone. The unstable ozone (O3) molecule is generated near the treatment stage and diffused through the water, oxidizing organic particles and some colloidal metals and passing through as (mostly) free oxygen.
    Disinfection may be affected by the pH or other factors of the incoming water. The pH may be dropped (made more acidic) by diffusing carbon dioxide or other acid-generating gasses. The pH may be raised (made less acidic) by adding caustics.

    5. Storage

  5. The treated water is then moved to storage, usually tanks or clear wells. The water is monitored for turbidity, pH and the level of remaining disinfectant.
    Testing for coliform bacteria and other potentially harmful indicators the water has not been properly treated are done. In most treatment operations, the tests are made at the treatment site and at points throughout the distribution system to ensure safe drinking water.


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.Ballast Water Treatment Considerations

Posted on December 1, 2010 by admin

According to the Marine Bioinvasion Fact Sheet prepared by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, “Until recently, preventing ballast water release of non-native species was a low priority. As a result, many of the treatment options are still in the experimental stage. Because installing new technologies or retrofitting ships is expensive, ship owners are reluctant to use a new technology unless it is proven effective. This, in turn, has created further delays in adopting regulations and implementing changes in how ships manage ballast water releases.”

As with any other business decision, the way ballast water is treated is based on several factors, including passenger and crew safety, how well the method works, the cost of treatment and legal compliance.

The direct costs — near and dear to the heart of a marine operations superintendents — include potential damage to the vessel and the cost of application, crew training and special protective equipment. Another cost, considered by both operations and marketing departments, is whether a particular treatment method will slow the progress of the ship toward its destination, meaning higher crew wages and thus shippers who choose another shipping company with lower costs.

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Common impurities found in fresh water

Posted on November 23, 2010 by admin
Constituent Chemical Formula Difficulties Caused Means of Treatment
Turbidity non-expressed in analysis as units imparts unsightly appearance to water; deposits in water lines, process equipment, etc.; interferes with most process uses coagulation, settling, and filtration
Hardness calcium and magnesium salts, expressed as CaCO3 chief source of scale in heat exchange equipment, boilers, pipe lines, etc.; forms curds with soap, interferes with dyeing, etc. softening; demineralization; internal boiler water treatment; surface active agents
Alkalinity bicarbonate(HCO3-), carbonate (CO32-), and hydroxide( OH-), expressed as CaCO3 foam and carryover of solids with steam; embrittlement of boiler steel; bicarbonate and carbonate produce CO2 in steam, a source of corrosion in condensate lines lime and lime-soda softening; acid treatment; hydrogen zeolite softening; demineralization dealkalization by anion exchange
Free Mineral Acid H2SO4 , HCI. etc., expressed as CaCO3 corrosion neutralization with alkalies
Carbon Dioxide CO2 corrosion in water lines, particularly steam and condensate lines aeration, deaeration, neutralization with alkalies
PH hydrogen ion concentration defined as: pH varies according to acidic or alkaline solids in water; most natural waters have a pH of 6.0-8.0 pH can be increased by alkalies and decreased by acids
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Nanoparticles boost water treatment

Posted on November 19, 2010 by admin

Super-hydrophilic nanoparticles dispersed in a conventional polyamide reverse osmosis (RO) membrane allow dramatically better water permeability than possible with conventional membranes while maintaining comparable salt rejection, according to researchers at the University of California – Los Angeles (UCLA). The particles provide a preferential flow path for the water, while also enhancing the membrane’s resistance to organic and bacterial adhesion, explains Eric Hoek, an assistant professor in the civil and environmental engineering department, who heads the research team.

The thin polymer film itself can’t be changed much without sacrificing its stability and salt rejection, he explains. So, the key to better performance is uniformly incorporating the nanoparticles within the membrane. They attract the water and provide a more regular pore structure than the film, leading to higher throughput, Hoek notes. The result is a membrane that requires significantly less energy consumption for a given flux. Sometimes, the reduction can amount to as much as 50%, he adds.

Hoek hasn’t identified any tradeoffs or limitations with the use of the nanoparticle membranes, as yet. While the nanoparticles are expensive, only small amounts are required. So, the impact on membrane cost is almost insignificant, he claims.

The UCLA researchers are developing technology to synthesize the specialized nanoparticles and to integrate them in the RO film. A whole family of tailored nanoparticles is possible, Hoek notes, adding that biocidal particles already can be generated. Existing commercial membrane-product lines should require only modest modifications to be able to produce the membranes, he says.

NanoH2O LLC, Santa Monica, Calif., holds exclusive rights to commercialize the technology. Field trials of conventional-size spiral-wound nanoparticle RO membranes should begin in 2008, says Jeff Green, the company’s CEO. If the trials go as hoped, the firm may commercially launch membranes early in 2009.

The commercial membranes will be drop-in replacements. They will boast a dramatic increase in permeability, Green says — NanoH2O is targeting twice the throughput. Despite the higher flux, the membranes’ fouling resistance will allow the service period to match that of conventional units, he adds. A single version of nanoparticle will initially be offered. Later, a biocidal particle may be introduced, once its long-term performance is assessed, says Green, and then perhaps particles tailored to specific applications.

The membranes should cost 1% to 5% more than conventional units, reckons Green. However, they will provide significant savings in operating and capital costs, he says.

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biocides CLD1017

Posted on November 15, 2010 by admin
biocides CLD1017

biocides CLD1017

 biocides

5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one and 2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one 1.5%,14%
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Disinfectants

Posted on November 8, 2010 by admin

Disinfectants kill present unwanted microrganisms in water. There are various different types of disinfectants:
· Chlorine (dose 2-10 mg/L)
· Chlorine dioxide
· Ozone
· Hypochlorite

Chlorine dioxide disinfection
ClO2 is used principally as a primary disinfectant for surface waters with odor and taste problems. It is an effective biocide at concentrations as low as 0.1 ppm and over a wide pH range. ClO2 penetrates the bacterial cell wall and reacts with vital amino acids in the cytoplasm of the cell to kill the organisms. The by-product of this reaction is chlorite.
Chlorine dioxide disinfects according to the same principle as chlorine, however, as opposed to chlorine, chlorine dioxide has no harmful effects on human health.

Hypochlorite disinfection
Hypochlorite is aplied in the same way as chlorine dioxide and chlorine. Hypo chlorination is a disinfection method that is not used widely anymore, since an environmental agency proved that the Hypochlorite for disinfection in water was the cause of bromate consistence in water.

Ozone disinfection
Ozone is a very strong oxidation medium, with a remarkably short life span. It consists of oxygen molecules with an extra O-atom, to form O3. When ozone comes in contact with odour, bacteria or viruses the extra O-atom breaks them down directly, by means of oxidation. The third O-atom of the ozone molecules is than lost and only oxygen will remain.

Disinfectants can be used in various industries. Ozone is used in the pharmaceutical industry, for drinking water preparation, for treatment of process water, for preparation of ultra-pure water and for surface disinfection.
Chlorine dioxide is used primarily for drinking water preparation and disinfection of piping.

Every disinfection technique has its specific advantages and its own application area. In the table below some of the advantages and disadvantages are shown:

Technology Environmentally friendly Byproducts Effectivity Investment Operational costs Fluids Surfaces
               
Ozone + + ++ - + ++ ++
UV ++ ++ + +/- ++ + ++
Chlorine dioxide +/- +/- ++ ++ + ++ –
Chlorine gas – – - + ++ +/- –
Hypochlorite – – - + ++ +/- –
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Antifoams

Posted on November 4, 2010 by admin
Foam is a mass of bubbles created when certain types of gas are dispersed into a liquid. Strong films of liquid than surround the bubbles, forming large volumes of non-productive foam.
The cause of foam is a complicated study in physical chemistry, but we already know that its existence presents serious problems in both the operation of industrial processes and the quality of finished products. When it is not held under control, foam can reduce the capacity of equipment and increase the duration and costs of processes.
Antifoam blends contain oils combined with small amounts of silica. They break down foam thanks to two of silicone’s properties: incompatibility with aqueous systems and ease of spreading. Antifoam compounds are available either as powder or as an emulsion of the pure product.

Powder
Antifoam powder covers a group of products based on modified polydimethylsiloxane. The products vary in their basic properties, but as a group they introduce excellent antifoaming in a wide range of applications and conditions.
The antifoams are chemically inert and do not react with the medium that is defoamed. They are odourless, tasteless, non-volatile, non-toxic and they do not corrode materials. The only disadvantage of the powdery product is that it cannot be used in watery solutions.

Emulsions
Antifoam Emulsions are aqueous emulsions of polydimethylsiloxane fluids. They have the same properties as the powder form, the only difference is that they can also be applied in watery solutions.

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